Life insurance

Life insurance is a contract between an insurance policy holder and an insurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary (or the estate) a sum of money (the "benefits") upon the death of the insured person. Depending on the contract, other events such as terminal illness or critical illness may also trigger payment. The policy holder typically pays a premium, either regularly or as a lump sum. Other expenses (such as funeral expenses) are also sometimes included in the benefits. The advantage for the policy owner is "peace of mind", in knowing that the death of the insured person will not result in financial hardship for loved ones and lenders.

Life policies are legal contracts and the terms of the contract describe the limitations of the insured events. Specific exclusions are often written into the contract to limit the liability of the insurer; common examples are claims relating to suicide, fraud, war, riot and civil commotion.

Life insurance can be divided into two basic categories: term and permanent. Term insurance is meant for a specific period. For example, an investor might take a 10-year policy to insure against early death, thus providing a legacy for a spouse and/or children. Permanent insurance is intended as an investment to leave a tax-free legacy upon death.

Definitions

 * Insured
 * the owner of the policy, responsible for the premiums, and who must have an insurable interest


 * Life insured
 * the person whose death will cause payment under the policy


 * Beneficiary
 * the person(s) paid upon the death of the life insured

Term insurance
Many people will be well served by term insurance because it is much cheaper than other types, and will only be in place while the policy holder needs it. It will eventually expire worthless (if the policy holder does not die within the coverage period), but then retirement savings should have replaced it.

Suppose you are a 25 yrs old male (we’ll use males because their insurance costs more than that of females), you are planning to get a mortgage soon and you just had your first child. Clearly, your sudden disappearance would be a problem for the surviving members of your family, because your salary would be gone. You need to get enough life insurance to replace your salary, or at least part of it, probably at least until the kids leave the home. There is a an “Income Replacement Calculator” here that says that is you want to provide $40k of annual indexed income over 20 yrs, using 3% inflation and 5% nominal return on investments (the capital would be invested), the amount of insurance needed is $671k. This is a big number, and it is likely that the only affordable way to insure yourself for this amount would be term insurance. For a 25 year old non-smoker living in Quebec for example, with “above average health”, the cheapest 20 year term policy (with a coverage of $700k) from a company with an “A.M. Best” rating of A- or better would cost approximately $530 a year in December 2016 source. In contrast, the equivalent “whole life guaranteed” policy would cost about $3200 per year. The same figures for a female are $360 a year for term, and about $2800 for whole life.

Permanent insurance
Permanent life insurance comes in two main types: universal and whole life. However, Term to 100 policies blur the lines somewhat between term and permanent policies, offering lifetime coverage without, however, building a cash surrender value.

Cash surrender value is the moving part that distinguishes traditional permanent policies. Cash surrender value is the investment gain that is accrued beyond the cost of insurance: the premiums needed to pay the face value or mortality guarantee or death benefit of the policy. The death benefit plus the accumulated investment gains are paid out to the estate. If an insurance policy is cashed in before death, the cash surrender value is taxed somewhat like a capital gain.

According to one source, "using a permanent insurance policy as a tax shelter makes sense only when your RRSPs and TFSAs are maxed out, you have a significant amount invested in bonds or other fully taxable investments, and you are virtually certain you won’t need the money in your lifetime."

Term versus perm
The following table compares some features of term versus permanent insurance:

1 If you have insured the full present value of your future employment earnings (human capital), there is no need to add more coverage for your mortgage or for your kids' education.

Commissions paid to agents
Buyers of life insurance should be aware that agents make significantly larger commissions by selling permanent insurance, relative to term insurance. Barney gave the following example in 2011:

The example above is dramatic because the premiums between term and UL are very different when the death benefit is equal (here, $500k). But even comparing a term and an permanent product with the same yearly premiums (but different death benefits), the agent will get a bigger commission from the sale of permanent insurance. On the other hand, the purchaser of the permanent insurance product with an "affordable premium", equal to what term insurance would have cost (for a much larger death benefit), is left with a product having a death benefit that may be way too low relative to his or her needs.

Consumer protection
Founded in 1990, Assuris is the not for profit organization that protects Canadian policyholders in the event that their life insurance company should fail.

Four lifecos have failed in Canada since Assuris was established, as shown in the following table:

According to Assuris, all the Canadian policies were transferred to solvent life insurance companies.