Getting started
Welcome to the wiki's getting started page! There's a lot of information available to help. Take your time and get organized. Being financially literate and knowing how to manage your money will protect you financially and help you reach your goals.
For many people, reading financial material or carrying on a financial discussion is a baffling and humbling experience. Jargon flies, everyone but you seems to know what's being talked about, and you don't know how to distinguish good information from noise.
The purpose of this article is to provide good information to get started, simplified enough that the average person is able to handle their finances on their own and at minimal cost. You need not understand everything from the word go and you need not do everything immediately. Work at your own pace and within your own comfort zone, but do work at it.
Although a great deal of information is available, sorting through it is a major task. Let us consider the various stages in order, with links to the appropriate finiki sections or Financial Wisdom Forum topics.
Finally, and above all, remember these words:
Life is a journey, not a destination.
— Ralph Waldo Emerson[1]
Financial planning
Financial planning is about defining your financial objectives and planning how to get there. This can involve saving, investing, insurance, legal aspects, tax planning, and estate planning. Financial planning is not about amassing a pile of money.
Are you ready to invest?
Investing starts with a sound financial lifestyle. The first step to decide if you are able to invest. Are you living below your means? Spending less than you earn will allow you to first pay off any consumer debts. Refrain from accumulating any more "bad debt" and develop the habit to save ahead of big purchases. It is generally recommended that investing should only commence after you have saved a minimum of six months of living expenses (preferably more) in an emergency fund.
Then, you should budget a certain portion of your income for investing. Understand that you may need to save a significant portion of your income every month to give you enough money for a comfortable retirement. There is no substitute for spending less than you earn. If you do not save enough, your assets will not provide the returns you need for a comfortable retirement. When you start, saving regularly is more important than your choice of investments.
Sufficient insurance should be in place. For working-age people, this means protecting your income through disability insurance and if you have dependents, term life insurance. Typically, home insurance and auto insurance are also needed.
General principles
The initial and most important step of financial planning is identifying objectives (in a family, agreeing on shared objectives), e.g. buying a house, achieving financial independence (perhaps to retire early), ensuring that children get an excellent education, and so on. Determining what the objectives are is primary. Since what usually requires money in the modern world, financial planning then proceeds methodically to lay out how.
You cannot know the future precisely, but writing a plan will help you shape your ideas. Your goal is to make this plan a reality. Writing it down will help you gain the discipline to do that.
First, assess your current position. Many further steps are covered in Financial Planning; in particular in Creating a financial plan and the Financial Wisdom Forum topic: "Financial Planning".
If you need assistance, a financial advisor may be enlisted.[note 1]
Here is the one minute version:
- Spend less than you earn ("live below your means").
- Save and invest a percentage of every paycheque, not what is left after expenses
- Start saving early, because investment returns compound over a longer period
- Don't put all your eggs in one basket.
- Watch the pennies and the dollars will look after themselves.
Or graphically: 
Create an investment plan
Turning to investing specifically, you should think again about the objectives of your investment. Is it for retirement? A new home? Vacation? When will you need the funds? In retirement, or for an upcoming purchase? You will need to define clear objectives, which are documented in an investment plan. In some cases, a more comprehensive investment policy statement (IPS) is appropriate.
Set your level of acceptable risk
An important component of a short term investment plan or an investment policy statement is the mix between equities and fixed income. This asset mix is formerly known as asset allocation and allows you to control the risk of your portfolio. The acceptable level of risk depends on your investing horizon (how long until the funds are needed) and what is the potential loss that can be tolerated. To know if an asset allocation matches your risk tolerance, ask yourself if you held it, would you sell during the next bear market? This is very hard to answer honestly before you have experienced one.
For most people, owning stocks (equities) is necessary to get the expected return needed to accumulate funds for retirement. Stocks provide us with a share of the profits generated by publicly owned companies. But in exchange for the hope of high return, stocks are volatile and risky. Stock prices can stagnate or decline for decade-long periods. This is why having an allocation to bonds is a necessary element of asset allocation. Bonds are a promise to pay back a loan of money on a pre-set schedule. Bonds do not produce the same expected high returns that stocks do, but they are much less volatile. The way to get reasonable growth without stomach-churning drops is to hold a mix of stocks and bonds; this is a form of diversification.
You therefore set your level of risk, the tolerance you have to a decline in your portfolio's value, by adjusting your asset allocation. Rules of thumb to determine the proportion of equities vs. fixed income include "your age in bonds", for example if you are 40 years old, you could have 40% fixed income and 60% equities in your long term portfolio. All age-based guidelines are predicated on the assumption that an individual's circumstances mirror the general population's.
The goal is to select an asset allocation that lets you sleep at night, and avoid the destructive urge to sell out in a panic the next time the market plummets; then having to agonize over when its a "good time' to get back in. This leads to selling low and buying high, the exact opposite of prudent investing.
Create a simple, well diversified, low-cost portfolio
Once the IPS is created, the investment plan must be implemented. This falls under Investment Management, in particular Portfolio design and construction, as the outlines of the required portfolio are determined. Note that it is only after the portfolio has been designed that fund or security selection - i.e. purchasing components - takes place. Many investors make the mistake of starting at this point. There are asset classes and investment styles to consider. For example, equities could be divided into Canadian equities versus foreign equities.
The goal is to create a simple, well diversified, low-cost portfolio.
Simplicity
Simple does not mean simplistic or unsophisticated, and does not mean missing out on good returns. A simple portfolio has many advantages. It requires no monitoring, almost no ongoing work (e.g., rebalancing once per year), and no external advice (think fees). Because of the simplicity of the portfolio and its passive management (see below), the investor’s urge to tinker should be suppressed more easily. There should be fewer behavioural issues (the whole process can be automated to take emotion out of equation). Best of all, a simple portfolio allows you to spend more time with family and friends, and less time managing your finances.
Well diversified
A well diversified portfolio means that rather than trying to pick the specific stocks or sectors of the market that may outperform in the future, buy investment funds that are widely diversified, or even approximate the whole market. This guarantees you will receive the average return of all investors. Being average sounds bad, but it is actually good. Most investors perform worse than average after taking into account the high fees they pay for actively managed funds, or the mistakes that they make picking stocks themselves.
Index funds and index exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are therefore ideal portfolio building blocks because they are passively managed (they follow indices), some are widely diversified (they track a broad market index), and they can have low fees. Equity and bund funds (including ETFs) can be used to create simple index portfolios containing three to five components.
One-fund solutions include low-cost balanced funds and asset allocation ETFs. The latter constitute the typical recommendation for new (and many more experienced) investors on the Financial Wisdom Forum.
Low cost
It is important to keep investing costs as low as possible since fees such as management expense ratios (MERs) are highly detrimental to long-term returns. The difference between a fund fee of 0.15% and 1.5% might not seem like much, but the effect of compounding over an investing lifetime is enormous.
Tax aspects
Nobody controls how equity markets might perform in a given year. Rather than worrying about this, focus on areas where your decisions can save money. In particular, do what you can to preserve money for retirement that would otherwise go to governments. Take full advantage of Canada's tax-advantaged accounts, often known as registered accounts.
Taxes should be taken into account when locating assets into different accounts such as Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs), Tax-Free Savings Accounts (TFSAs) and non-registered accounts (see Tax-efficient investing), although holding the same asset allocation ETF across all accounts is the simplest solution.
If you are not sure which type of account to start with, see prioritizing investments.
Maintain your portfolio and your discipline
Apart from adding money to your portfolio, preferably on a regular basis, there are some steps that need to be taken to keep it in good shape.
Monitor your progress and rebalance
Once you have created your portfolio you should monitor it's progress against your objectives. This involves calculating your return each year and comparing it to a suitable benchmark (see also measuring performance).
As time passes, the actual portfolio asset allocation will start to deviate from the target because different asset classes behave differently. To control risk, it is important to establish a rebalancing policy; for example, many people rebalance their portfolio once a year. Beyond that, there is no need to watch the markets or follow financial news.
Stay the course
Staying the course is perhaps the most challenging part of investing, but is essential to success. Investors should adopt a reasonable plan, put it in writing, and then stay the course. In exchange for the higher returns that stocks produce over time, the equity markets are volatile. After big drops, it can be very difficult to continue to follow your pre-set plan. Create an asset allocation that includes bonds to reduce the volatility caused by the stock part of your portfolio, then rebalance when needed. This takes discipline, but it is also an enormous relief to be able to tune out the endless chatter of when and what to buy and sell.
Avoid market timing
Most investors earn less than the market due to two common timing mistakes: buying yesterday's top performers; and letting their emotions lead them to try to predict stock markets, including bear markets. Peformance chasing and timing the market to "skip the crash" is unlikely to work.[citation needed] Instead, stick to the plan: buy, hold, and rebalance. This will produce a good outcome over the long term: decades of comprehensive research show that buying and holding the whole market consistently outperforms many of the alternatives.[citation needed]
What comes later?
Investing is usually done to meet a particular goal, often retirement. This is covered in Retirement Planning. Once the goal of retirement is reached, Retirement Living examines some of the lifestyle choices. You should also give consideration to your estate plan, even if you are still young.
The financial lifecycle
The five typical stages of the financial life cycle are outlined in the following articles:
- Young savers and investors
- Mid-life investors
- Pre-retirement investors
- Investors in early retirement
- Investors in late retirement
Notes
- ^ Before enlisting the services of a financial advisor, consider asking for guidance in our discussion forum. You may find that you are able to do this yourself.
See also
- Prendre en main ses finances et commencer à investir
- Tax planning
- Life insurance
- Further reading
- Reference Material is available for further reading and clarification where needed.
References
External links
- "Financial Basics". Canada.ca and Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. 2021-04-21.
- "Participants' Handbook". Canada.ca and Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. 2019-04-25.
- "Getting started - Investing basics". GetSmarterAboutMoney.ca.
